The use of small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) in aerial mapping applications is increasingly being used as an appropriate surveying method in many sectors, particularly for agriculture.
Since the use of sUAS is new to many agricultural sector players, it is useful to reflect on the costs and benefits, and related technical and operational challenges, as well as the advantages that present themselves in the practical implementation of this technology.
Geneva, 15 December 2016 – FSD and partners announce the launch of a new repository of global drone regulations. The database includes summaries of national laws of more than 100 countries with the aim to help better inform drone pilots and stakeholders. In the ongoing effort to document the rapidly changing regulatory landscape, CTA, the New America Foundation, the Humanitarian UAV Network, senseFly, Parrot, FSD and EU Humanitarian Aid have joined forces to make this resource available. Volunteers are encouraged to help further improve its contents by signing up and suggesting edits.
The database can be accessed at www.droneregulations.info.
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For information contact: Denise Soesilo, RPAS Project Manager FSD space@fsd.ch or +41 22 907 3603
The use of UAVs or drones in the management of crops, livestock, fisheries, forests and other natural resource-based activities represents a new technological frontier and opens up a range of exciting opportunities. However, the use of UAVs is a recent phenomenon and interested users and national civil aviation authorities are facing challenges linked to their use within their skies. To realise the full potential of the technology while ensuring the safety and privacy of citizens, two things are necessary: enabling regulatory regimes and increasing awareness of the rules and regulations surrounding civil use of UAVs.
Although the European Commission recently supported the establishment of an online repository of information concerning regulations issued by all European countries, there is no similar comprehensive database on existing and forthcoming policies, laws and regulations governing the use of UAVs in ACP countries. The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA), an international organisation funded mainly by the European Union and operating in 79 African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries wishes to facilitate the responsible use of UAVs and related software applications to improve the effective management of crops, fishing grounds and other resource-based activities.
To that end, this study assessed the existence or absence of policies, rules and regulations governing the use of UAVs in all 79 ACP countries. The results are quite telling: as of April 2016, 73% of ACP countries did not have any rules or regulations in place; 19% had some regulations in place; and 8% were in the process of formulating them. CTA hopes that this database will help to increase awareness of the rules and regulations surrounding UAV use, promote their responsible use and help to fully realise their potential in the management of crops, fisheries and other resources.
The report is available as a download on CTA's online publications' portal.
Data gathered in the course of the study have been published on a site hosted by The Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD) and is accessible on this wiki www.droneregulations.info which allows online collaboration.
La technologie des drones procure aux agriculteurs un moyen économique de planifier l'infrastructure. Au Nigeria, elle a permis d'accélérer la planification, la conception et la construction des systèmes d'irrigation des rizières.
À mesure que le drone, appelés dans le monde anglophone « véhicules aériens sans pilote (UAV) », réapparaît au loin et perd de l'altitude pour se poser, Richard, le chauffeur de l'équipe de chercheurs qui s'est porté volontaire pour apporter son soutien à la mission, court plein d'enthousiasme vers l'avion sans pilote. « Bienvenue ! » s'écrie-t-il en exultant, à la fois en anglais et en haoussa, la langue parlée dans le nord du Nigeria.
L'équipe growmoreX de la société londonienne GMX Consultancy, gestionnaire d'un service applicatif agricole fondé sur les drones, était présente au Nigeria afin de réaliser une étude préalable au développement d'une exploitation rizicole irriguée de 3 000 hectares. L'exploitation occupera un terrain acquis via un bail à long terme signé avec l'administration publique locale chargée de l'irrigation. L'objectif du projet était d'étudier et de cartographier 7 500 hectares afin de préparer la planification et la construction de l'infrastructure d'irrigation des rizières.
Un aéronef piloté aurait coûté une fortune. La technologie des drones était une alternative bien moins coûteuse. Le site étudié dans le cadre du projet était une région à faible densité de population située environ à 75 kilomètres de la ville de New Bussa. Cette région se caractérise par un accès limité aux routes, à l'électricité, à l'eau potable ainsi qu'à d'autres équipements collectifs. La population y vit principalement de petites exploitations agricoles. Les habitants cultivent tous les ans au cours de la saison des pluies du sorgho, du riz et des haricots. Les tomates poussent pendant la saison sèche, grâce à l'irrigation par pompage.
Le premier vol
Un drone à voilure fixe importé directement des États-Unis a été utilisé pour le premier vol. La journée d'assemblage a donné le temps à l'équipe de résoudre les petits problèmes techniques et de comprendre comment utiliser sa fonction de planification automatique de mission.
Une fois tous les contrôles effectués, l'équipe a réglé le système de navigation du drone sur le mode « automatique ». L'hélice du drone s'est mise à tourner et celui-ci a pris son envol, sous les yeux émerveillés d'une foule qui s'était rassemblée pour observer le premier vol. La mission démarrait.
Bien qu'il ait effectué un bon décollage, le drone commença soudain à s'éloigner au lieu de débuter sa mission préprogrammée, probablement en raison de la direction du vent. L'équipe perdit la communication de télémétrie avec le drone et pensa que le drone s'était écrasé.
Mais soudain, la connexion radio avec le drone se rétablit et il entama sa mission de cartographie automatique. Il ne lui fallut que quelques minutes pour atteindre l'altitude de 150 mètres, considérée comme optimale pour son travail d'étude. Une fois arrivé à cette altitude, il se mit à voler selon une trajectoire spécifique, prenant automatiquement des photos pendant son vol.
Une planification précoce
L'appareil photographique fut contrôlé dès l'arrivée du drone sur le sol. Les photos semblaient nettes et de bonne qualité. Il y en avait beaucoup : au cours du vol de 55 minutes, le drone avait pris des photos superposées de quelque 300 hectares.
Le drone pouvait voler environ quatre heures par jour lorsque le soleil projetait le moins d'ombre possible. Dès lors, l'équipe put cartographier environ 1 000 hectares en une seule journée. Le processus est particulièrement rapide, surtout si l'on tient compte du terrain, des conditions de travail difficiles et des températures élevées. On estime qu'il aurait fallu une vingtaine de jours à un géomètre professionnel travaillant à pied pour couvrir la même surface.
Toutefois, faire appel à un drone nécessite de s'y prendre à l'avance. Les chercheurs se sont d'abord assurés qu'aucun règlement spécifique n'empêchait l'équipe d'utiliser ce type d’appareil. L'émir local, le chef du village, ainsi que les responsables d'un aéroport militaire situé à quelque 100 kilomètres du site étudié avaient été informés du projet. Les autorités locales avaient heureusement accueilli favorablement la nouvelle technologie. Une seule condition avait été imposée : l'émir avait insisté pour que son village soit survolé afin que sa population puisse observer le drone et les photos qu'il prendrait.
Le résultat fut inattendu. Pour la première fois, l'équipe a pu établir le nombre exact de maisons et d'habitations dans le village, permettant ainsi aux chercheurs d'effectuer une estimation bien plus précise de sa population. Cette information sera très utile, car l'équipe chargée de l'étude prévoit d'engager de la main-d'œuvre locale pour construire l'exploitation rizicole et la gérer.
Une hypothèse remise en cause
Aussi magnifique qu'ait été le survol du village, le principal objectif était la planification de l'infrastructure d'irrigation de la rizière. En se basant sur les premières études, les chercheurs devaient créer une carte à l'échelle 1:2 000 (1 centimètre de la carte représente 20 mètres). L'objectif de cette carte était que l'équipe prenne des décisions éclairées concernant la meilleure disposition des champs ainsi que des systèmes d'irrigation et de drainage.
En se fondant sur les informations limitées rassemblées à l'issue de visites précédentes du site, l'hypothèse était qu'il serait possible de disposer les rizières sous forme de vastes bassins rectangulaires. Il aurait fallu d'énormes machines de terrassement et du matériel agricole important pour construire et cultiver ces bassins. Les champs destinés à la culture du riz nécessitent une gestion prudente de l'eau car le niveau de l'eau influence la distribution des mauvaises herbes et des nutriments. Cela signifiait que tous les 100 mètres, 50 cm de terre devaient être éliminés en haut du champ afin de surélever sa partie inférieure au cours du processus de nivellement.
Toutefois, l'étude réalisée par le drone a infirmé cette hypothèse. Même s'il était vrai que certaines parties du site concerné étaient plates, la plus grande partie du terrain était vallonnée.
En raison du terrain en pente et de la finesse de la couche supérieure du sol, l'équipe de chercheurs a dû radicalement modifier son hypothèse et oublier la conception en vastes bassins rectangulaires pour opter pour de longs champs étroits qui suivraient les ondulations du terrain. Ce changement impliquait également une conception très différente du système d'irrigation.
Éviter des frais inutiles
À l'aide des données obtenues grâce à la technologie des drones, les planificateurs agricoles peuvent maintenant éviter plus facilement la mauvaise planification de l'infrastructure. Cette information facilite également l'organisation d'un approvisionnement adéquat en termes de matériel, ce qui permet d'éviter les gros investissements de départ inutiles pouvant mener un projet à l'échec.
L'eau est le facteur essentiel en matière d'autosuffisance rizicole en Afrique, où la culture du riz est principalement pluviale. Le manque d'infrastructures d'irrigation constitue un obstacle majeur à l'augmentation de la production rizicole sur le continent. La plupart des systèmes existants sont mal conçus, mal construits et mal entretenus.
Une bonne nouvelle : la technologie des drones peut accélérer la planification, la conception et la construction de l'infrastructure d'irrigation africaine. Comme ce projet l'a démontré, la technologie des drones pourrait offrir aux agriculteurs un moyen économique de planifier cette infrastructure.
Mais ce n'est pas tout. Après l'étape de planification, les drones pourraient être utiles aux exploitants en vue d'estimer avec plus de précision la quantité de fertilisants et de matériaux de plantation nécessaires pendant la période de végétation. Une fois les cultures plantées, des drones équipés de capteurs spéciaux peuvent surveiller leur croissance.
Avec l'aide des drones agricoles, l'Afrique peut se propulser directement à l'ère de l'agriculture de précision en pleine expansion, tout comme les entreprises africaines de mobilophonie ont court-circuité l'infrastructure traditionnelle des lignes fixes pour créer un système innovant de financement mobile.
À propos de l'auteur :
Quan Le (quan.le@gmx.com) est le directeur général de GMX Agri (www.gmxconsulting.co.uk), une entreprise de conseil, de développement et d'opération axée sur l'agriculture africaine.
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Drone technology provides agriculturists with a cost-effective method of infrastructure planning. In Nigeria it has accelerated the planning, design and construction of rice irrigation systems.
As the drone reappeared in the sky and lowered its altitude in an attempt to land, the research team’s driver Richard, who had been volunteering to help out with the mission, ran towards the unpiloted plane in jubilation. ‘You’re welcome!’ he said enthusiastically in both English and Hausa, the language that is spoken in northern Nigeria.
The growmoreX team of the London based company GMX Consultancy, which runs a drone-based farming application service, was in Nigeria to do a preliminary assessment for the development of a 3,000 hectares irrigated rice farm. The farm will be built on land that was acquired in a long term lease from the local government’s irrigation authority. The aim of the project was to survey and map a total of 7,500 hectares in preparation of planning and building the irrigation infrastructure for the rice fields.
Although a manned aircraft could have done the job, it also would have cost a fortune. The alternative is unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology. The project site was in a sparsely populated area, located approximately 75 kilometres from the town New Bussa, some 700 kilometres away from the capital Abidjan with limited access to roads, electricity, clean water, and other amenities. Local livelihoods here are mainly based on small-scale agriculture. Crops are grown annually during the rainy season, and include sorghum, rice and beans. Tomatoes are grown during the dry season using pump-fed irrigation.
First flight
A fixed-wing UAV, which was imported directly from the US with assistance from a local project partner, was used for the first flight. It took a day to assemble it. That gave the team time to sort out technical hiccups and figure out how to use its automatic mission planning function. The activity attracted attention from local villagers, who had already been informed about the forthcoming agribusiness development.
When all the checks were completed, the team set the UAV’s navigation system to ‘automatic’. Then the UAV’s propeller was turning and it was launched into the air, witnessed by a crowd of people who had gathered to watch the first flight. The mission had begun.
Although the UAV had made it into the air, it suddenly began to fly away instead of starting its pre-programmed mission – likely due to the direction of the wind. The team lost telemetry communication with the drone, and it was thought that the UAV had crashed.
Suddenly, the radio established a connection with the UAV again, and it finally began its automatic mapping mission. It took the UAV only a few minutes to reach the optimal surveying altitude of 150 metres above ground level. Once at this altitude, it began to fly in a specific pattern, shooting images automatically as it went.
Advance planning
After the UAV landed safely the camera was checked immediately. The photos looked sharp and beautiful. There were a lot of them: during the 55-minute flight, the drone took overlapping photos of nearly 300 hectares of land.
The UAV was able to fly for roughly four hours a day when the sun cast the fewest shadows. This meant that the team was able to map about 1,000 hectares in a single day. That is fast, especially if the harsh terrain and working conditions with high temperatures are considered. Estimations assume that it would have taken a professional surveyor working on foot about twenty days to cover the same area.
To operate an UAV requires advance planning. The researchers made sure no specific regulations barred the team from using the UAV. The local Emir, the village chief and a military airport located about 100 kilometres from the project site were informed of the plans to make use of an UAV. Fortunately, the local authorities welcomed the new technology. There was only one condition: the Emir insisted that we do a flyover of his village, so that his people could see both the drone and the pictures it would take.
The village flyover had an unexpected result. For the first time the team could establish exactly how many houses and dwellings there are in the village, thus enabling researchers to make a much better estimation of its population. This information will be very useful, because the research team is planning to hire local labour to build the rice farm and to run it.
The hypothesis was proved wrong
Wonderful as the village flyover was, the main objective was to begin planning the rice farm’s irrigation infrastructure. For the preliminary investigation, the researchers needed to create a map at a scale of 1:2,000 (1 centimetre on the map represents 20 metres). With such a map the research team could make informed decisions on the best layout of the paddy fields, the irrigation and drainage systems.
Based on the limited information from previous visits to the site, it was hypothesised that it would have been able to lay out the rice fields as large, rectangular basins. Large earth moving and farming machinery would have been needed to build and cultivate those basins. Paddy fields for rice cultivation need careful water management as water levels impact weed and nutrient distribution. This meant that for every 100 metres, half a metre of soil at the top of the field had to be removed to raise its lower end during the levelling process.
However, the drone survey proved the hypothesis wrong. Although it was certainly true that parts of the project site were flat, most of the terrain was an undulating landscape.
The sloping terrain combined with a thin top soil layer led the team of researchers to radically change their designed hypothesis, away from large rectangular basins and towards long, narrow fields that would follow the terrain. But this change also meant that a very different irrigation system design was necessary.
Avoiding unnecessary costs
By using data required from UAV technology, agricultural planners can now easier avoid incorrect infrastructural planning. This information also makes it easier to organise the right procurement of machinery, avoiding unnecessary large upfront investments that can break a project if they are improperly planned.
Water is the deciding factor in Africa’s rice self-sufficiency. Most rice cultivation is rain-fed in Africa. The lack of irrigation infrastructure is a major obstacle to increase rice production on the continent. Most of the existing systems are poorly designed, built, and maintained.
The good news is that UAV technology can potentially accelerate the planning, design and construction of Africa's irrigation infrastructure. As this project has shown, UAV technology could provide agriculturists with a cost-effective method of irrigation infrastructure planning.
And that is not all. After the farm planning stage, UAVs could be useful for farmers to estimate more accurately how much fertilizer and planting materials they will need during the growing season. Once crops have been planted, UAVs equipped with special sensors can monitor their growth.
With the help of agricultural UAVs, Africa can leapfrog into the quickly-advancing area of precision agriculture – just as African mobile phone companies bypassed traditional fixed line infrastructure to create an innovative mobile finance system.
About the author:
Quan Le (quan.le@gmx.com) is managing director of GMX Agri, an Africa-focused agriculture adviser, developer and operator. The firm recently launched growmoreX, an UAV-based farming application service. It collaborates with UAV operators in Africa.
Unmanned aerial vehicles have the potential to empower indigenous communities to become equal partners in the efforts to safeguard their territories and natural resources.
Throughout the Americas, indigenous forest communities’ territories face intensifying threats, as global demand increases for land and forest resources. Non-indigenous settlers and loggers illegally enter indigenous territories to poach valuable timber or to burn and clear large swaths of forest. Emerging technologies, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) – also known as drones – offer an unprecedented opportunity to empower communities to defend their territories and natural resources. UAV technology allows them to monitor their land in real time, obtain visual evidence of any trespass, and make claims based on this evidence.
Some of Panama’s indigenous communities already make use of UAVs to protect the rainforest. Nearly 70% of Panama’s remaining intact rainforest is governed by indigenous peoples. Indigenous communities see the forest as part of their culture and heritage, respecting and understanding its value and safeguarding it for future generations. Newcomers to the area tend to see the rainforest as something to be exploited in the short-term, particularly for felling valuable old-growth hardwoods and clearing forested areas for cattle ranching.
Panama’s indigenous communities began using UAVs in 2015 with the support of the Rainforest Foundation US and Tushevs Aerials. Tushevs Aerials is a small organisation that designs and builds UAVs and processes data into maps or digital 3D models. It provides training in any aspect of UAV construction, operation, and data use. Since the beginning of this project UAVs have successfully been used to document illegitimate land occupancy and illegal land occupancy and illegal logging by non-indigenous groups.
Armed settlers
The rampant deforestation in the Darien region of Panama perfectly illustrates this dynamic. Islands of rainforest have managed to resist outside pressure from settlers, thanks to the indigenous communities that inhabit and protect them. With the use of a custom-built fixed wing UAV, the Emberá peoples – near the community of Puerto Indio – could spot and survey over 200 hectares of converted forest that has been illegally occupied by cattle ranchers. The communities’ leaders were stunned to witness the extent of the damage. Prior to seeing the aerial imagery, they had thought that there were only about 50 hectares destroyed by illegal ranching.
The occupation and conversion of forested areas occurred several kilometres away from where the indigenous community lives. But because of tensions with the settlers, who are often armed and confrontational, they had not been able to enter the area and document the illegal ranching practices. Using the UAV allowed them to quickly and safely gather data that evidenced the trespass of their territories.
Tino Quintana, the cacique or traditional chief of the 440,000 hectares’ traditional territory, took the lead on presenting the results of the UAV survey to members of several other Emberá communities. These communities are now working together by using aerial imagery documentation to register official complaints with the regional authorities. The government has promised to remove the settlers, and the Emberá communities plan to reforest the area.
Documenting evidence
Governments are often faced with resource shortages, and are frequently unable to respond to all requests for intervention. Spatially explicit UAV documentation of illegal logging and land occupancy helps government agencies prioritise their efforts, ensuring that a week-long field inspection will collect enough evidence to justify government intervention.
This experience generated further interest in UAV technology among indigenous communities in eastern Panama, inspiring other leaders to ask for UAV support. The Emberá and Wounaan General Congress, which oversees thousands of hectares of rainforest across 27 distinct territories, was given a DJI Phantom 3 Professional quadcopter by the Rainforest Foundation in November 2015. Wounaan leaders flew this UAV within the district of Platanares on the Pacific coast of Panama. The geo-referenced images proved that 10 hectares had recently been burned for cattle grazing in the middle of their territory.
Diogracio Puchicama, a Wounaan indigenous leader, who has been threatened by illegal loggers and settlers for several years, because of his efforts to protect 20,000 hectares of rainforest along the Pacific coast, submitted the UAV-generated documentation to the environmental authorities. Impressed by the accurate geo-referencing of the images documenting forest destruction, the Ministry of Environment promised to be more present in the area and enforce the law.
In late January 2016, Diogracio reported that the authorities had been patrolling the district of Platanares constantly, and that most of the settlers had been at least temporarily removed. ‘I have been denouncing illegal loggers in Platanares for over five years, and the authorities have done nothing, not moved a finger,’ Diogracio Puchicama noted. ‘Now, after they have realised that we have the drone, they are doing their job and enforcing the law. It’s a good sign.’
Protection of indigenous rights
Emberá and Wounaan communities are planning in partnership with the Rainforest Foundation US and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations to fly UAVs in at least six more indigenous communities in Panama. They will use the imagery to raise awareness among local communities of the ongoing illegal and un-monitored forest destruction within their traditional territories and the need to document and denounce this destruction to the authorities. They will also use the aerial photographs to help Panamanians understand how important forests are, and the essential role that indigenous peoples have played in keeping them intact.
The experience from Panama illustrates that UAVs have the potential to alter the power balance in favour of indigenous communities’ own ability to protect, monitor, and report on their lands, territories, and natural resources. This technology empowers indigenous people to play an active role in safeguarding their lands and to become equal partners – rather than just beneficiaries – to government and civil society agencies, which are involved in conservation and rights’ protection.
Indigenous peoples’ communities, organisations, and their civil society partners in the region and beyond are now very interested in adopting UAVs for conservation or for the protection of indigenous rights and territories. There are further discussions with the Mesoamerican Alliance of Peoples and Forests regarding the use of UAVs in Central America and with an indigenous network in Bolivia. Indigenous communities in Guyana and Indonesia are already using UAVs for land mapping. Also in Africa the Shompole Maasai community in Kenya and a forester in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are interested in using the technology. This shows that the interest in UAVs is growing all around the globe for monitoring illegal land use in indigenous territory.
About the authors:
Nina Kantcheva Tushev (nina.kant@gmail.com) is co-founder of Tushevs Aerials and indigenous peoples’ rights advisor at the UNDP. Tom Bewick (tombewick@rffny.org) is program manager at the Rainforest Foundation US. And Cameron Ellis (jamescameronellis@gmail.com) is principal at Groundtruth Geographics.
Related Links:
Video that demonstrates how Dayaks in Indonesia make use of UAVs. https://goo.gl/u8Bv2v
Article and video outlining a training in the use of UAVs with indigenous communities in Peru. https://goo.gl/jhoMFJ
Even a well-managed, recognised forest faces constant challenges but innovative drone GPS technology, cooperative campaigning, local government support and eco-tourism are helping the Setulang people thrive. They have shown that community rights, the environment and development go hand in hand.
Setulang boasts clean water, sustainable fishing and hunting, building materials, fruit and traditional medicine, a ‘life bank’ for future generations. But by being in a heavily forested area they still face the growing threat of timber, oil palm and mining companies. The head of the village is looking to find new and innovative solutions to protect his land and a team of experts from West Kalimantan may have the answer. GPS based drones are being used for the first time to map community land and the results have been impressive.
Frederick Mbuya, an IT Consultant and drone enthusiast based in Tanzania, walks through some basics about drones and a demonstration in Tandale, a vast and unplanned urban community in Dar Es Salaam.
This video reveals the role that UAVs and drones can play in helping city planners and citizens democratize data and imagery about transportation in cities.
L'équipe growmoreX de la société londonienne GMX Consultancy, gestionnaire d'un service applicatif agricole fondé sur les drones, était présente au Nigeria afin de réaliser une étude préalable au développement d'une exploitation rizicole irriguée de 3 000 hectares. L'exploitation occupera un terrain acquis via un bail à long terme signé avec l'administration publique locale chargée de l'irrigation. L'objectif du projet était d'étudier et de cartographier 7 500 hectares afin de préparer la planification et la construction de l'infrastructure d'irrigation des rizières.
After the UAV landed safely the camera was checked immediately. The photos looked sharp and beautiful. There were a lot of them: during the 55-minute flight, the drone took overlapping photos of nearly 300 hectares of land.
