Participatory 3D Modelling in Western Samoa triggers behavioural changes and climate change resilience

Since 2012 the local government together with local communities in Western Samoa have carried out a total of 19 participatory 3D modelling (P3DM) exercises in the context of agroforestry management, water management and tourism development.

A participatory research was conducted between February and April 2016 to explore the effectiveness and potential of P3DM in the region. The study was done by Barbara Dovarch, PhD candidate at the Department of Architecture Design and Urban Planning, University of Sassari, Italy, sociologist and independent researcher, in partnership with the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) and Samoa’s Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE).

This participatory impact evaluation involved diverse members of local communities and MNRE technical staff. It focused particularly on the capacity of P3DM to generate deep-seated and long-lasting behavioural changes.

The results of the study demonstrates that P3DM contributes to natural resource management and climate change resilience and showed the transformative power of the process at various levels, such as community, NGO and governmental level.

Through the P3DM process, meaningful interactions between government representatives and community members resulted in greater collaboration and mutual learning. While government representatives have changed the way they approach local communities – from ‘teaching’ to ‘listening’ – communities have also changed their attitude towards land management and development.

Download the full report via: http://bit.ly/p3dm-ws

Des drones pour compter les cocotiers

Dans les îles de Samoa, au cœur du Pacifique, la technologie des drones est utilisée dans le cadre d'une étude sur les cocotiers visant à prévoir plus précisément le rendement et la production d'huile de coco vierge. 

En 2015, l'organisation non gouvernementale agricole samoane WIBDI, Women in Business Development Incorporated (les femmes pour le développement intégré des entreprises), a réalisé qu'elle avait besoin d'un nouveau moyen pour collecter des données exhaustives auprès des associations d’exploitations agricoles, et de les organiser. WIBDI aide les familles rurales locales à s'engager activement sur le marché de niche des produits biologiques grâce au commerce équitable. Cette organisation cherchait un moyen de faciliter les contrôles du respect des normes en matière d'agriculture biologique et l'estimation de certaines cultures, notamment celle des cocotiers.

La noix de coco est à la fois la ressource renouvelable et le produit d'exportation le plus important des Samoa. Le pays exporte de l'huile de coprah, de l'huile de coco vierge, de la crème de coco, de la noix de coco séchée, de la fibre de coco et des produits à base de coquillages, à destination de l'Australie et de la Nouvelle Zélande pour la majorité des produits. WIBDI est le principal exportateur d'huile de coco vierge des Samoa et son premier client est l'entreprise The Body Shop.

À la recherche de solutions au problème de collecte de données, WIBDI s'est tourné vers l'entreprise samoane de services techniques Skyeye. Selon ses experts, les véhicules aériens sans pilote (UAV), communément appelés drones, étaient la solution idéale. Leur utilisation est moins coûteuse que celle d'un appareil avec pilote, et ils peuvent prendre des images d'une résolution supérieure à celle des images satellites.

Un serveur ouvert et gratuit

Dans le cadre de ses travaux de cartographie, Skyeye utilise un drone à voilure fixe pour la cartographie professionnelle pouvant couvrir des zones étendues au cours d'un même vol autonome. « Le drone nous permet de photographier des exploitations agricoles difficilement accessibles et d'effectuer des vols quand nous le souhaitons, si les conditions météorologiques sont favorables. La possibilité de capturer des images instantanées a représenté un avantage considérable pour ce projet de numérisation », explique Ephraim Reynolds, le technicien de Skyeye spécialisé en systèmes d'information géographique (SIG).

Une fois les images du drone récupérées, elles sont traitées pour produire des ortho-mosaïques (images assemblées dont la déformation est corrigée numériquement) afin de pouvoir les superposer sur une carte. Ces images sont ensuite ouvertes dans un logiciel SIG libre (QGIS). À l'aide de ce logiciel, les techniciens peuvent numériser des caractéristiques essentielles des exploitations agricoles. La haute résolution des images obtenues à partir des drones permet de procéder à un comptage visuel du nombre total d'arbres.

Skyeye utilise une application SIG nommée Web Feature Service (WFS) qui lui permet de donner accès aux utilisateurs à son géo-serveur, un serveur ouvert et gratuit conçu pour le partage de données géospatiales. Grâce à elles, les exploitants agricoles peuvent télécharger différents types d’informations, et modifier comme mettre à jour eux-mêmes la carte numérique de leur exploitation. « Skyeye peut ainsi répartir le travail et analyser les images des drones plus rapidement et de manière plus centralisée au sein d'un même système », explique M. Reynolds.

Repérer des zones d'atterrissage pour les drones

En estimant l'âge des cocotiers sur chacune des parcelles de l'exploitant agricole, WIBDI peut prévoir le rendement et la production d'huile de coco vierge. Ces estimations peuvent à leur tour être exploitées pour évaluer la viabilité de futures entreprises commerciales et obtenir des estimations plus précises quant aux bénéfices annuels escomptés.

L'utilisation de drones a représenté un avantage considérable pour WIBDI, mais elle n'a toutefois pas été sans poser quelques problèmes. M. Reynolds explique que le défi le plus important de Skyeye a été de sélectionner des zones d'atterrissage appropriées, particulièrement difficiles à trouver sur une île tropicale. « Les images satellites de Google dans les Samoa ne sont pas à jour. Parfois, la meilleure solution a été de demander aux habitants du village où nous pouvions trouver une clairière appropriée », raconte Ephraim Reynolds.

Maintenir une liaison radio stable avec le drone a constitué une contrainte supplémentaire. « Pour faire face à cette difficulté, nous avons restreint l'étendue de la trajectoire de vol du drone, ou alors nous l'avons lancé depuis des terrains surélevés », explique M. Reynolds.

Fin janvier 2016, Skyeye avait cartographié 10 480 hectares à l'aide de drones et avait comptabilisé 138 180 cocotiers. L'étude devrait être terminée d'ici le mois d'avril 2016. À l'avenir, Skyeye Samoa espère développer ce procédé de comptage des cocotiers mis au point pour WIBDI. Comme le fait remarquer Ephraim Reynolds, « Au fur et à mesure que les Samoa et la région du Pacifique prendront conscience que la technologie des drones peut être utilisée dans divers secteurs d'activité, notamment l'agriculture, la région renforcera sa capacité à atteindre des marchés importants et à rester en phase avec l'évolution des techniques modernes. »

À propos des auteurs :

Ephraim Reynolds (ephraim@skyeye.ws) est technicien spécialisé en SIG à Skyeye. Faumuina Felolini Tafuna’i (flyinggeesepro@gmail.com) est responsable des médias pour la Women in Business Development Inc.

Source:

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Counting coconut trees with drones in Western Samoa

On the Pacific islands of Samoa drone technology is used in a coconut tree survey to forecast more accurately yield and production of virgin coconut oil. 

In 2015 the Samoan agricultural non-governmental organisation Women in Business Development Incorporated (WIBDI) realised that it needed a new way to collect and organise comprehensive data from associated farms. The organisation helps local rural families actively engage through fair-trade in the niche market of organic products. They were wondering what would make it easier to carry out organic standards inspections and conduct counts of certain crops, in particular coconut trees.

Coconut is Samoa’s most important renewable resource and export product. The country exports copra coconut oil, virgin coconut oil, coconut cream, desiccated coconut, coconut fibre (coir) and shell products mainly to Australia and New Zealand. WIBDI is the largest exporter of virgin coconut oil in Samoa and its main buyer is The Body Shop, which is based in the United Kingdom.

In search for answers to the data collection problem, WIBDI turned to Samoan tech-services company Skyeye for help. Skyeye’s experts explained to them that the technology of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) – also known as drones – was the perfect solution. It is cheaper than a manned aircraft and capable of collecting higher-resolution imagery than those that are available from a satellite.

Open source server

For its mapping work, Skyeye uses a fixed wing professional mapping UAV, which is capable of covering large areas in a single autonomous flight. ’The drone allows us to capture images of farms that are not easily accessible and it gives us the flexibility to fly whenever we want as long as the weather permits it. Being able to capture up-to-date imagery has been a massive benefit to this digitisation project,’ says Skyeye’s Geographic Information System (GIS) technician Ephraim Reynolds.

After technicians download images from the UAV, they process them into orthomosaics: stitched-together images that have been digitally corrected for distortion, so that they can be overlaid onto a map. They then open these image layers in a free, open source GIS computer programme, known as QGIS. In QGIS, they are able to digitise key farm features – and the high resolution drone imagery clearly shows individual coconut trees, allowing them to conduct a visual count of total tree numbers.

Skyeye uses a GIS feature known as a Web Feature Service (WFS), which allows them to grant users access to its geoserver – an open source server made for sharing geospatial data. With WFS, users are able to download individual layers of information, such as the layer containing information about farm’s coconut trees. With these geospatial data farmers then can make their own changes and updates to the digital map. ‘In this way, Skyeye is able to divide the labour and make the process of analysing the drone imagery faster and more centralised within one system,’ says Reynolds.

Locating landing areas for drones

To further speed up the process of mapping, Skyeye shows farmers images of their farms from the air so they can draw their boundaries. By estimating the age of the palm trees on each of the farmer’s property, WIBDI is able to forecast the yield and production of virgin coconut oil. These estimates can in turn be used to assess the feasibility of future business ventures, and to make more accurate estimates of expected annual profits.

While the drones have been a boon to WIBDI, they have not been entirely trouble-free. According to Reynolds, Skyeye’s biggest challenge has been locating suitable landing areas, as the drone requires an open area free of vegetation to safely land after completing a mission – and such an area can be hard to find on a tropical island. ‘Google’s satellite imagery in Samoa is outdated. Sometimes, we found that the best solution is to ask the locals in the village where we can find suitably clearing,’ he describes.

Maintaining a strong radio link to the drone was another hassle due to tall coconut trees, which can obstruct the signal and result in the drone not capturing images. ’For this, we shortened the range of the drone’s flight path, or found higher ground to launch it from,’ explains Reynolds.

By the end of January 2016, Skyeye had mapped 10,480 hectares by drone and counted 138,180 coconut trees. The drone survey of all 558 farms in WIBDI’s network should be completed by April 2016. In the future, Skyeye Samoa hopes to extend the tree-counting process it has developed for WIBDI.  ’As Samoa and the Pacific continue to realise how drone technology can be used in various industries, especially in agriculture, the region will become better able to reach large markets and keep up with modern advancements,’ says Reynolds.

About the authors:

Ephraim Reynolds (ephraim@skyeye.ws) is GIS technician at Skyeye. Faumuina Felolini Tafuna’i (flyinggeesepro@gmail.com) is media specialist at Women in Business Development Inc. WIBDI.

Source:

Republished with permission from ICT Update, issue 82, April 2016

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L’équipe samoane de cartographie participative a reçu un prix de développement durable

Le 25 septembre 2015, le département forestier du Ministère des ressources naturelles et de l’environnement des Samoa (MNRE) a reçu le prix de l’innovation et de l’excellence dans la fonction  publique dans la catégorie initiative en faveur d’un développement durable et respectueux de l’environnement pour la mise en œuvre du projet sur l’intégration des risques et de la résilience au changement  climatique dans la gestion des forêts  (ICCRIFS).

Le projet ICCRIFS Project s’étale sur une durée de quatre ans et est financé par  le Fonds pour l’environnement mondial (FEM, GEF en anglais) via le le programme des Nations Unies pour le développement  (PNUD). L’objectif du projet est d’intégrer les risques liés au changement climatique dans la gestion des forêts aux Samoa. Après une formation organisée en 2012 par le  Centre technique de coopération agricole et rurale (CTA) portant sur l’utilisation de la modélisation participative en trois dimensions (MP3D), les équipes du projet ICCRIFS ont mis sur pied 18 exercices de MP3D à l’intention des communautés locales dans des domaines comme la gestion de l’eau, des forêts et le tourisme. Le premier modèle participatif en trois dimensions qui a été mis en œuvre  (il couvrait les villages s’étendant de Laulii à Falevao) est devenu un outil de plannification très efficace. Il a permis d’impliquer les gens en leur apportant des connaissances et des compétences en matière de gestion de l’environnement et en leur fournissant des outils pour s’adapter au changement climatique et en réduire les effets.

La remise des prix de l’innovation et de l’excellence dans la fonction publique a eu lieu le 25 septembre dans le cadre de la quatrième journée de la fonction publique. Cette journée est organisée pour commémorer, célébrer et reconnaître la contribution et le rôle de la fonction publique en vue du développement national des Samoa. Près de 50 ministères gouvernementaux et d’organismes publics ont pris part aux célébrations cette année.

Ces prix visent à saluer le dévouement que les fonctionnaires mettent à remplir la mission des ministères et départements pour lesquels ils travaillent. La désignation des lauréats potentiels a été demandée au grand public au mois d’août et ces choix ont ensuite été évalués par un panel indépendant de trois membres : le Président de la Chambre de commerce au nom du secteur privé, Vaasilifiti Moelagi Jackson (Président ad intermim de SUNGO) au nom de la société civile et le Président de la Commission.

Le grand public ainsi que les établissements scolaires étaient invités à cette occasion à communiquer avec les agences gouvernementales afin d’avoir une meilleure compréhension de leur rôle et de leurs fonctions, ainsi que de la manière dont ces agences ont une influence sur la vie de tous les jours.

Samoa’s Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment receives award for engaging civil society via participatory mapping

On 25 September 2015 the Forestry Division of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Samoa (MNRE) received a Public Service Innovation and Excellence Award in the Environmental Friendly/Sustainable Development Initiative team category for the successful implementation of the Integration of Climate Change Risk and resilience into Forestry management in Samoa (ICCRIFS) Project.

The ICCRIFS Project is a 4 year project funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The goal of the project is to integrate climate change risks into forestry management in Samoa. After being trained by the Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Development (CTA) in practising Participatory Three-Dimensional Modelling (P3DM) in 2012, staff of the ICCRIFS Project successfully facilitated a total of 18 P3DM exercises with communities in various sectors including water, forestry, tourism. The first P3D Model to be implemented (covering villages from Laulii to Falevao) became a very effective planning tool. It helped engaging the community by building capacity, knowledge and skills on environmental management, and ways to adapt and mitigate climate change.

The 2015 Public Service Innovation and Excellence Awards ceremony, took place on the 25th of September 2015 as part of the 4th annual Public Service Day. The Public Service Day is held to commemorate, celebrate and recognize the public sector’s contribution and service into achieving the national development of Samoa. Close to 50 Government Ministries and Public Bodies took part in this year’s celebrations.

These Awards are used to recognize the dedication of public servants in achieving their respective Ministry’s and Office’s objectives. Nominations of potential awardees were solicited from the general public in August and were thereafter assessed by an independent panel consisting of 3 members: the Chamber of Commerce President on behalf of the private sector, SUNGO Interim President Vaasilifiti Moelagi Jackson on behalf of the civil society, and the Chairman of the Commission.

The general public as well as schools were invited to take advantage of the opportunity to engage with Government agencies to gain an in-depth understanding of the functions and roles of each of the participating agencies and how these relate to their everyday life.

Related post: Top UN officials Helen Clark and Naoko Ishii praising outcome of P3DM activities in Samoa

More information on the P3DM process and case studies are found here and here.

‘Participatory data’ and the formulation of Tourism Development Area Management Plans in Samoa

Developing agriculture to better serve tourism markets in the Pacific is knowledge intensive. The first step is to determine the tourism market’s demands for agricultural produce and then to match this with what is available from local production. But much of this information is not currently readily available.

Bridging this information gap was a key objective of the recent Agribusiness Forum: Linking the agrifood sector to the tourism-related markets coordinated by CTA and the Pacific Islands Private Sector Organisation (PIPSO) with support from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), the Pacific Agriculture Policy Programme (PAPP) and the intra-ACP Agricultural Policy Programme (Intra-ACP APP). This event, held in Fiji from 1 to 3 July 2015, brought together experts from government agencies, farmers’ organisations, community-based organisations, remote sensing and research bodies to identify the data gaps and discuss how to go forward.

Giving a community perspective, Amia Luatua from the Samoa Tourism Authority, shared Samoa’s work on tourism planning, showing how communities have used participatory 3D modelling (P3DM) to collect data that have been used to inform tourism developments.

Samoan villages get involved in climate change modelling

During the first week of March the Samoa Tourism Authority (STA) hosted a Participatory 3D Modelling (P3DM) workshop with technical guidance provided by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE). The workshop is a part of the 'Enhancing the resilience of tourism reliant communities to Climate Change risks '- project, funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through  the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The project targets small tourism operators in six Tourism Development Areas (TDA) in Upolu and Savai’i. The areas covered by the project and where 3D models have been and will be made include Manono-tai, Lalomanu and Saleapaga; Sataoa and Saanapu; Lano and Manase; Falealupo and Satuiatua; and Fa’ala and Vailoa, Palauli.

The objective of the project is to enhance the resilience of tourism-reliant communities to climate change risks by integrating climate change considerations into development policy and instruments, and Investing In adaptation actions supporting tourism-reliant communities.

1;10000 scale Participatory 3D Model of
Manono Island, Samoa

During the workshop representatives from local tourism-reliant communities built a three dimensional representation of their area. In the process they were be able to appreciate the impact that climate change might have from the ridges to the reefs and to plan out how best to improve the resilience of small tourism operators and the surrounding villages.

"This Innovative approach has been proven very positive for the systematic involvement of communities towards a more resilient planning of their territory," said Lizbeth Cullity, UNDP Resident Representative.

Some community participants posing around the completed 3D
model of Manono Island, Samoa

A similar workshop was held in the island of Manono one week before with great success. Sara Ferrandi, UNDP focal point for the project said, "The strong engagement of young people in the construction, as well as the contribution of women and elderly representatives with their understanding of their territory and traditional knowledge, were remarkable. This participatory process allowed the communities in Manono to combine map interpretation with open discussion on land use planning scenarios".

Products used during the workshops included cardboard, paint and map pins representing natural land use and cover, households and other relevant features of villages and the landscape in general.

The construction of these 3D models also represented a learning opportunity for Government officials, and will generated valuable information for other projects in Samoa and in the Pacific region once digitized. In addition it helped the communities to visualize how the land and seascape might change in the near future, especially with the changes that the country and the tourism sector will undergo due to climate change and extreme weather conditions.

As STA’s project coordinator, Ms  Amiafolau Alamasaga said: "The protect has helped us create a helpful tool to help the communities and business owners consider climate change Into their daily business in the tourism reliant areas and communities." Other participatory three-dimensional models will be built next week with representatives from the communities on the island as two models were made for Upolu this week.

Credits:
Text: adapted from an article by Anja Marcussen published on the www.samoaobserver.ws .
Images: courtesy Samoa Tourism Authority (STA)

Further information: Watch the presentation ‘Participatory data’ and the formulation of Tourism Development Area Management Plans in Samoa delivered by Ms Amiaifolau Afamasaga Luatua from the Samoan Tourism Authority during the Agribusiness Forum which took place in Nadi, Fiji on 1-3 July 2015.

Aljazeera reports on P3DM made and used in Samoa to adapt to climate change and mitigate disasters

Participatory 3D Model (P3DM) done by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) in Samoa in the framework of the GEF-Funded "Integration of climate change risk and resilience into forestry management in Samoa (ICCRIFS)" Project now in on Aljazeera news.

Top UN officials Helen Clark and Naoko Ishii praising outcome of P3DM activities in Samoa

During the SIDS Conference which took place in Apia, Samoa, in September 2014, Ms Helen Clark, UNDP Administrator and Dr Naoko Ishii, GEF CEO & Chairperson are introduced to the Participatory 3D Model (P3DM) done by representatives from 14 villages in Lauli'i to Falevao area on Upolu Island, Western Samoa in the context of the GEF-Funded "Integration of climate change risk and resilience into forestry management in Samoa (ICCRIFS)" Project.

This short video captures some of their inspiring comments.

Credits for footage and still images: Paulo Amerika, MNRE, Samoa

Related article on the Samoa Observer Ltd.